Handout!

** __ FINAL HANDOUT!!! __ **

**Nel Noddings William Bennnet Jerome Bruner**

**__Nel Noddings__** o //Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education (1984)// o //The Challenge of Care in Schools// //(1992)// o //Happiness and Education// //(1995)// · Feminist Philosopher- beliefs of caring and moral education · Theoretical Beliefs and Ideas o Emphasis on **Conditions of Relation** as opposed to the collective or individual o Analysis and understanding of human relationships contributes to **Moral Life**, **Ethics**, **Competency** and **Critical Thinking**
 * attenended Montclair University, Rutgers University, and Stanford University where she obtained her doctrate.
 * Stanford professor 1977-
 * Author

**__William Bennett__** · Secretary of the Department of Education (1985–88)
 * 1986 switched from the Democratic party to the Republican party
 * Author
 * //The Book of Virtues,// 1993.
 * Focus was on Three C's: **Content, Character, and Choice**
 * Main reform ideas
 * Competency testing for teachers
 * Opening the teaching profession to knowledgeable individuals who have not graduated from "Schools of Education."
 * Performance-based pay for teachers
 * Holding educators accountable for how much kids learn
 * A national examination to find out exactly how much our children know
 * Parental choice of schools

**__Jerome Bruner__** · Born in 1915 in New York City · Author//:// o //The Process of Education// (1960), o //The Culture of Education// (1996) · dubbed as the "New Look," they explored perception from a functional orientation against a process to separate from the world around it  · Currently at New York University of Law as a senior research fellow · Educational Theory: Constructivism - asserts that students "construct new ideas or concepts based on existing knowledge" and that "learning is an active process" · Emphasizes the idea of categorizing in order to learn · Key Themes as a result of Bruner's work o structure in learning o "readiness for learning" and spiral curriculum o motivation for learning: interest is the best motivation for learning a concept · Major Features of Bruner's Theory of Instruction o Predisposition to learn o Theories of Cognitive and Intellectual Development § First stage: Enactive § Second stage: Iconic § Third stage: symbolic
 * Structure of knowledge
 * Modes of representation
 * Effective sequencing

**WEBSITE SOURCES:** [|**http://www.lifecircles-inc.com/Learningtheories/constructivism/bruner.html**][|**http://www.infed.org/thinkers/bruner.htm**]

**__Bibliography__** Peterson, P. E. (2010). //Saving schools from horace mann to virtual learning//. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

//William bennet//. (2007, July 18). Retrieved from [] //William bennett//. (2010). Retrieved from []

__Bibliography for Nel Noddings Research__

Bingham, Charles and Alexander M. Sidorkin. //No Education Without Relation//. New York: Peter Lang, 2004. Print.

//Feminist Philosophers: In Their Own Words: Nell Noddings//. Dir. Callahan, Joan and Nancy Tuana. FemPhil Productions DVD. Interview: State College, PA October 16, 17 2005.

Noddings, Nel. //The Challenge to Care In Schools//. New York: Teachers College Press, 1992. Print.

Noddings, Nel. //Critical Lessons//. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Print.

Noddings, Nel. //When School Reform Goes Wrong//. New York: Teachers College Press, 2007. Print.

=Works Cited Jerome Bruner= Cooper, Sunny. __Theories of Learning in Educational Psychology__. n.d. 30 November 2010 . Kinnes, Tormod. __Jerome Bruner Quotations and Extracts 1__. 2008. 2010 . Smith, Mark K. __jerome bruner and the process of education__. 2002. 8 September 2010 .